Taw qhia txog cov txheej txheem luam ntawv nrov
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias kev luam ntawv ua haujlwm li cas. Koj tsis tas yuav yog tus kws tshaj lij luam ntawv, tab sis paub txog cov tswv yim yooj yim thiab cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem pab koj ua kom koj cov kev txawj ntse yog tias koj xav tsim ib txoj haujlwm tiav - los ntawm lub tswv yim tsim mus rau cov khoom luam tawm kawg. Tau kawg, yog tias koj muaj lus nug txog kev lag luam luam ntawv, koj tuaj yeem tiv tauj peb, thiab peb yuav teb koj dawb.
Tsim ib qho kev tsim zoo heev tsuas yog thawj kauj ruam xwb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb sib npaug kom nkag siab tias yuav ua li cas rau cov ntaub ntawv thaum nws raug xa mus rau lub khw luam ntawv thiab yuav xaiv txoj kev luam ntawv zoo li cas rau txoj haujlwm. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev luam thev naus laus zis yog nruab nrab ntawm cov uas xav tau tus tswv (ib txwm luam ntawv) thiab cov uas tsis xav tau lub phaj luam ntawv, tseem hu ua non-imprinting (NIP). Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tsom mus rau cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ib txwm muaj. Cov txheej txheem no siv lub phaj luam ntawv (lossis cov duab cab kuj) hloov tus number case mus rau lub tshuab luam ntawv substrate xws li ntawv, yas, hlau, thiab lwm yam.
1. Ntawv luam ntawv
Letterpress printing yog thaum lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawv yog siab dua cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog luam ntawv. Cov ntawv luam tawm yog coated nrog ib txheej ntawm tus number case (ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj), uas yog tom qab ntawd xa mus rau substrate, thaum cov chaw tsis tau luam tawm tau so thiab nyob twj ywm tsis muaj number case. Letterpress luam ntawv yog siv nrog cov tshuab luam ntawv hauv qab no: phau ntawv luam tawm, luam ntawv flexographic, thiab ntawv luam ntawv. Cov thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom luam tawm xws li cov haujlwm me me, daim npav lag luam, cov ntawv lo, cov nqa khoom thiab cov hnab ntim khoom.
2. Phau ntawv luam tawm
Phau ntawv luam tawm yog cov txheej txheem luam ntawv qub tshaj plaws, uas siv cov ntawv luam tawm ua los ntawm cov hlau lead lossis cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Letterpress luam ntawv yog tsim rau kev luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov duab, thiab cov ntawv luam tawm yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov npoo ntse.
Hauv kev xyaum, ntawv xov xwm kuj suav nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv, xws li woodblock prints, photolithographic zinc "txiav" (boards), thiab linoleum blocks, uas tuaj yeem siv nrog hlau lossis ntoo thaiv. Gutenberg qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm ib tus neeg, cov ntawv hloov pauv tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rov ua cov ntawv sau ua lag luam thiab sai sai. Cov fonts tshem tau yog cov hlau thaiv uas txhua tus tsuas muaj ib tus cim: cov tsiaj ntawv, lej, thiab cov cim cim. Cov blocks no tuaj yeem hloov kho los tsim txhua hom ntawv.
3. Flexographic luam ntawv
Flexo printing yog ib daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawv ncaj qha uas yog siv cov ntawv luam tawm flexographic. Ua ntej tshaj tawm thaum xyoo 1900s, nws tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm cov khoom nqus dej thiab tsis nqus cov substrates hauv ntim, daim ntawv lo thiab ntawv xov xwm luam tawm vim nws cov phaj mos thiab cov viscosity tsawg.
4. Movable hom luam ntawv
Movable type printing yog ib hom kev luam ntawv tsis ncaj, txhais tau hais tias cov duab los ntawm lub phaj luam ntawv tau xa mus rau daim ntawv ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom nruab nrab (lub tog raj kheej). Nws yog hu ua qhuav offset luam ntawv thiab feem ntau yog siv rau cov ntawv ntim khoom.
5. Gravure luam ntawv
Gravure printing yog qhov txawv ntawm letterpress printing. Cov ntsiab lus luam tawm yog recessed hauv qab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub phaj, thaum cov cheeb tsam uas tsis yog duab yog nyob rau theem tsis tu ncua. Cov qauv tsim raug txiav, khawb lossis etched rau ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm. Cov grooves tau sau nrog tus cwj mem, thiab qhov tsa (tsis yog luam ntawv) feem ntawm lub phaj lossis lub tog raj kheej raug muab tshem tawm los yog khawb tawm ntawm tus number case, tsuas yog tus number case nyob rau hauv cov grooves.
Ink yog pauv los ntawm chav tsev mus rau cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm kev luam ntawv siab thiab qhov adhesion ntawm tus number case thiab substrate. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm intaglio luam ntawv yog jagged npoo ntawm cov ntawv thiab kab.
Gravure luam ntawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev luam ntawv ntim ntau, ntawv ntsa thiab khoom plig qhwv nrog ceev ceev inks, thiab ntau yam luam ntawv thev naus laus zis raws li txoj cai luam ntawv gravure yog siv los tsim cov ntawv tshwj xeeb xws li nyiaj muas thiab cov ntawv nyiaj.
6. Photolithography
Lithography tau tsim los ntawm Alois Senefelder hauv xyoo 1796. Daim duab yuav tsum tau luam tawm yog kos rau ntawm pob zeb nrog tus cwj mem tshwj xeeb. Lub pob zeb yuav tsum tau wetted ua ntej inking, tom qab uas tsis yog duab ntawm lub pob zeb nto yuav tsis inked. Vim yog cov ntawv sau luv heev, lithography tsuas yog siv rau cov duab kos duab zoo.
7. Offset luam ntawv
Offset printing yog lub ntsiab lithographic luam ntawv txheej txheem thiab ntog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm indirect printing, qhov twg tus number case yog thawj kis los ntawm lub printing phaj mus rau ib tug saj zawg zog nruab nrab carrier los yog daim pam thiab ces mus rau lub substrate. Nws yog hu ua offset vim tias daim duab tsis mus ncaj qha los ntawm lub phaj mus rau daim ntawv.
Hauv kev lag luam offset luam ntawv, lub phaj luam ntawv yog wetted nrog cov kav dej uas muaj cov dej thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv ua ntej siv tus number case. Cov duab tsis yog cov duab yog hydrophilic, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv nqus dej, thaum cov duab duab yog oleophilic lossis ink-absorbent. Hauv lwm lo lus, tus number case sticks rau thaj chaw duab thiab cov dej lo rau thaj chaw uas tsis yog duab vim tias cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov ciav dej tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm tus number case.
Nyob rau hauv waterless offset printing, lub phaj luam ntawv tsis wetted nrog cov ciav dej thiab cov nto yog ink-repellent vim hais tias cov tsis-duab thaj chaw ntawm luam ntawv phaj muaj ib tug txheej ntawm number case-repelling silicon. Ink-receiving thaj chaw raug nthuav tawm vim muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv txheej silicone. Cov duab luam tawm siv offsets tau muab cais ua cov xim yooj yim. Npaj ib phaj rau txhua xim siv, los yog plaub nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm 4-xim (CMYK) luam ntawv. Txhua tus menyuam muaj nws tus kheej tus cwj mem, uas, thaum lawv dhau ntawm nplooj ntawv, hloov tus cwj mem thiab tsim cov txheej xim, ua rau nplooj ntawv puv xim. Offset luam ntawv tuaj yeem ntxiv cov xim tshwj xeeb hu ua Pantones lossis PMS xim yog tias xav tau xim tshwj xeeb. Offset luam ntawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev luam ntawv loj ntawm 1, 000 daim thiab ntau dua. Cov ntxaij vab tshaus feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub zoo, xws li txhob lo lo ntxhuav, yas los yog hlau fibers thiab xov, uas yog ces stretched tshaj ntoo los yog txhuas thav ntawv. Nws yog muab tso rau saum lub substrate ruaj (ntaub, ntawv, thiab lwm yam). Muab tus cwj mem tso rau sab saum toj ntawm lub vijtsam thiab siv lub squeegee (rubber hniav) txhawm rau thawb tus cwj mem sib npaug rau hauvqhib qhov screen thiab mus rau lub substrate. Tus cwj mem nkag mus rau qhov chaw qhib hauv qhov screen mus rau lub substrate. Tom qab ntawd rub tus ncej thiab thawb lub scraper rov qab hla qhov screen. Tus scraper hloov tus cwj mem los ntawm qhov qhib mesh.
8. Screen luam ntawv
Cov ntsiab lus luam tawm yog qhov chaw uas tus number case raug yuam los ntawm tus tswv luam ntawv - qhov no yog qhov screen. Cov cheeb tsam uas tsis yog duab yog ua kom tus number case impermeable los ntawm thaiv cov stencil.
Kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem luam ntawv, cov nqi, thiab kev txwv tuaj yeem pab koj tsis tsuas yog tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj teb cov lus nug thiab coj koj cov neeg siv khoom mus rau cov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws uas pheej yig thiab siv tau zoo.
